The most significant treatment of the language(s) spoken by the Siouan tribes of Virginia is the 1883 article "The Tutelo Tribe and Language" by Horatio Hale. Hale includes a substantial 279 word vocabulary, as well as numerous grammatical tables with explanations, mostly gathered from an elderly Tutelo called Nikonha. This edition includes all the Tutelo grammatical material printed by Hale, and organizes the vocabulary into bidirectional English-Tutelo and a new Tutelo-English section.