The Council of Jerusalem in 49 AD and recorded in the Acts of the Apostles is the beginning of the Church's mission to the Gentiles. In a close reading of the biblical texts about the Council, the author, a Roman Catholic Biblical Theologian, explores how the Council's hard-won decision to move from nationalism to universalism is not only the most important event in the history of the early Church but remains a constant challenge for the Church today if it wants to remain credible in the contemporary world and to its own members.