Anarchism or Socialism? is a 1906/1907 work by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. The work sought to analyze anarchism using Marxist methods. The composition of this work was developed in the years following the failed 1905 Russian Revolution; Stalin at this period of time adopted a strong Marxist ideology.

The articles that became Anarchism or Socialism began as a series of newspaper articles written in Georgian. The first four articles were published in their original form in the daily Bolshevik newspaper ახალი ცხოვრება ("New Life") published in Tbilisi, under the direction of Stalin, in June-July 1906. The series continued to be published in ჩვენი ცხოვრება ("Our Life") from February 1907 to its closure on 6 March 1907, and then in დრო ("Time") in April 1907.